Waldbrände: Willkommene Effekte unwillkommener Ereignisse
Das Ökosystem Wald ist für uns Menschen ebenso wie für Tausende von Arten unverzichtbar. Gewaltig große Flächen unseres Planeten sind mit Wäldern überzogen, die unendlich vielen Geschöpfen einen perfekten Lebensraum bieten. Von außen einwirkende Faktoren wie zum Beispiel Wind, Regen, Sonnenstrahlen oder auch Klimaveränderungen sorgen dafür, dass diese Systeme ständig im Wandel begriffen sind. Einige dieser Faktoren haben auf den ersten Blick sehr negative Auswirkungen. Waldbrände etwa lassen verkohlte Bäume und Sträucher zurück und scheinen dem Wald massiv zu schaden. In Wirklichkeit aber haben sie auch durchaus positive Seiten.
In den kalten und trockenen Regionen der Nordhalbkugel, wo die durchschnittliche jährliche Niederschlagsmenge bei 1.000 Milliliter pro Quadratmeter liegt, dominieren die borealen Nadelwälder. Hier finden sich die größten zusammenhängenden Waldstücke der Erde. Auf der Südhalbkugel hingegen ist die vorherrschende Landschaftsform die Savanne. Savannen schließen sich nördlich und südlich des Äquators an den tropischen Regenwald an und erstrecken sich über Millionen von Hektar. Sie sind vor allem durch Buschwerk und Grasland gekennzeichnet, Bäume stehen hier in relativ großen Abständen zueinander. In beiden Landschaftsformen gehören Waldbrände zu den wichtigsten Faktoren für die Veränderung des Ökosystems. Schaut man sich die Resultate dieser Brände an, gewinnt man schnell den Eindruck, als wäre vorprogrammiert, wann, wo und wie sie sich ausbreiten.
Beispiele für brandabhängige Ökosysteme
Die Banks-Kiefer (Pinus banksiana), in nordamerikanischen Wäldern beheimatet, ist sogar auf Waldbrände angewiesen. Ihre verschlossenen und mit Harz versiegelten Zapfen hängen oft jahrelang am Baum, ohne ihre Samen freizugeben. Sie warten auf den nächsten Waldbrand, denn erst unter extremer Hitzeeinwirkung öffnen sich die Schuppen der Zapfen. Dann fallen die Samen zu Boden und können im Erdreich keimen. Das Feuer der Brände befreit aber nicht nur die Samen aus den Zapfen, sondern spielt auch für die Keimung der Samen eine wichtige Rolle. Denn aufgrund der hohen Luftfeuchtigkeit und der niedrigen Temperaturen dauert es in den Wäldern dieser Region lange, bis die von den Laubbäumen abgefallenen Blätter vollständig zersetzt sind. Dies hat zur Folge, dass der mineralhaltige Boden mit einer dicken Schicht aus toter Materie überzogen ist, die für die Samen eigentlich ein undurchdringbares Hindernis darstellen würde. Bei einem Waldbrand verbrennt diese Schicht jedoch. Die in den Blättern enthaltenen Nährstoffe werden dem Boden wieder zugeführt, und die Samen haben freie Bahn…Weiterlesen
Foto Quelle: flickr, bertknot
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