Eine haarige Angelegenheit
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Genau wie mit vielen anderen Dingen im Leben verhält es sich auch mit unseren Haaren so, dass wir sie zwar lieben und schätzen; doch trotz ihres unbestreitbaren Wertes für uns würdigen wir sie viel zu selten und nehmen ihre Existenz als selbstverständlich gegeben hin. Der folgende Beitrag möchte ihnen ein wenig Respekt zollen, indem er die Rolle dieser winzigen, unscheinbaren Helden einmal näher beleuchtet.
Die Verteilung und Dichte unserer Körperhaare ist in unseren Genen kodiert. Das entsprechende Programm wird nach der Geburt aktiviert, die Haarwurzeln bilden sich aber bereits ab der 8. bis 10. Woche der Schwangerschaft. Der Fötus ist von einem zarten Flaum bedeckt. Das Haarwachstum ist in der 22. Woche abgeschlossen. Das Geschlecht hat auf die Anzahl der Haare eines Fötus kaum Einfluss. Später im Leben können wir dichtes Haar haben oder unter Haarausfall leiden, das hängt von Faktoren wie ethnischer Zugehörigkeit, Alter, Geschlecht und unserem Hormonhaushalt ab. Haarwurzeln finden sich fast überall am Körper, ausgenommen sind nur die Fußsohlen und die Handflächen, die Stirn, die Bereiche unter den Augen und die Regionen auf und hinter den Ohren.
Ein Haar besteht aus der Haarwurzel, die in der Haut verankert ist, und dem Haarschaft, der aus der Haut herauswächst. Die Haarwurzel wird von zwei Schichten umhüllt, deren Aufgabe darin besteht, Schädigungen des Haarschafts zu verhindern und das Haar in die richtige Richtung wachsen zu lassen. Die Haarwurzel selbst besteht aus mehreren Schichten, die alle unterschiedliche Funktion erfüllen. Ganz unten, an der Basis der Haarwurzel, liegt die Papille, die vor allem dafür verantwortlich ist, dass die Haarzellen genügend Nährstoffe bekommen.
Der Haarschaft, der Teil des Haares, der aus der Haut herauswächst, weist drei Schichten auf. Die innere Schicht, die nicht in jedem Haar vorhanden ist, darf als das Rückenmark des Haares bezeichnet werden. Sie setzt sich aus schwammartigen Markzellen zusammen. Diese Schicht ist eingebettet in den Kortex, der den größten Teil des Haaranteils ausmacht. Er besteht aus einer harten Substanz, die man als Keratin bezeichnet. Hier befinden sich auch die Pigmente, die über unsere Haarfarbe entscheiden. Die äußere Schicht ist eine mehrlagige, jedoch sehr dünne Schuppenschicht.
Die Beschaffenheit der Haare – zum Beispiel in punkto Form, Farbe und Wachstum – ist von Körperregion zu Körperregion verschieden. Darüber wachen bestimmte Hormone, die auf die Haarwurzeln einwirken. Die Haare im Bart, unter den Achseln, zwischen den Beinen und auf dem Kopf wachsen schnell und kontinuierlich, im Gegensatz zur Arm-, Brust-, Rücken- und Beinbehaarung und zu den Augenbrauen. Dort wachsen die Haare nur sehr langsam und kennen ihre Grenzen. Männern, deren Hoden geschädigt sind, wachsen nur in der Leistengegend und auf dem Kopf Haare, an anderen Körperstellen hingegen nicht.
Viele Menschen sind geneigt zu glauben, dass sich unsere Haare aufrichten oder kräuseln, wenn wir Geschichten hören, die uns besonders erregen und faszinieren; in Wirklichkeit aber sind es die sogenannten Haarbalgmuskeln, die hinter diesem Effekt stecken. Sie machen die Haare bewegungsfähig. Unter jedem einzelnen Haar befindet sich ein solcher Muskel.
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